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| death_place = San Francisco, California, USA | nationality = American | ethnicity = Jewish | institution = | school_tradition = Chicago School | alma_mater = | influences = | influenced = | contributions = | awards = | signature = Milton friedman signature.svg | repec_prefix = e | repec_id = pfr10 }} Milton Friedman (July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was an American economist who received the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and the complexity of stabilization policy. With George Stigler and others, Friedman was among the intellectual leaders of the second generation of Chicago price theory, a methodological movement at the University of Chicago's Department of Economics, Law School, and Graduate School of Business from the 1940s onward. Several students and young professors that were recruited or mentored by Friedman at Chicago went on to become leading economists; they include Gary Becker, Robert Fogel, Ronald Coase, and Robert Lucas, Jr..〔The Chicago School: How the University of Chicago Assembled the Thinkers Who Revolutionized Economics and Business〕 Friedman's challenges to what he later called "naive Keynesian" theory began with his 1950s reinterpretation of the consumption function. In the 1960s, he became the main advocate opposing Keynesian government policies,〔(Milton Friedman—Economist as Public Intellectual )〕 and described his approach (along with mainstream economics) as using "Keynesian language and apparatus" yet rejecting its "initial" conclusions. He theorized that there existed a "natural" rate of unemployment, and argued that employment above this rate would cause inflation to accelerate.〔Among macroeconomists, the "natural" rate has been increasingly replaced by James Tobin's NAIRU, the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment, which is seen as having fewer normative connotations.〕 He argued that the Phillips curve was, in the long run, vertical at the "natural rate" and predicted what would come to be known as stagflation.〔Nobel prize winner Paul Krugman stated that, "In 1968 in one of the decisive intellectual achievements of postwar economics, Friedman not only showed why the apparent tradeoff embodied in the idea of the Phillips curve was wrong; he also predicted the emergence of combined inflation and high unemployment ... dubbed ‘stagflation.” Paul Krugman, (''Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in an Age of Diminished Expectations'' (1995) p 43 online )〕 Friedman promoted an alternative macroeconomic viewpoint known as "monetarism", and argued that a steady, small expansion of the money supply was the preferred policy.〔 His ideas concerning monetary policy, taxation, privatization and deregulation influenced government policies, especially during the 1980s. His monetary theory influenced the Federal Reserve's response to the global financial crisis of 2007–08.〔Edward Nelson, "Friedman’s Monetary Economics in Practice," (Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board, April 13, 2011 ). Nelson stated, "in important respects, the overall monetary and financial policy response to the crisis can be viewed as Friedman’s monetary economics in practice." and "Friedman’s recommendations for responding to a financial crisis largely lined up with the principal financial and monetary policy measures taken since 2007." Nelson, "Review," in ''Journal of Economic Literature'' (Dec, 2012) 50#4 pp 1106-1109〕 Friedman was an advisor to Republican U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Conservative British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. His political philosophy extolled the virtues of a free market economic system with minimal intervention. He once stated that his role in eliminating U.S. conscription was his proudest accomplishment. In his 1962 book ''Capitalism and Freedom'', Friedman advocated policies such as a volunteer military, freely floating exchange rates, abolition of medical licenses, a negative income tax, and school vouchers.〔(Milton Friedman (1912–2006) )〕 His support for school choice led him to found the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice. Milton Friedman's works include many monographs, books, scholarly articles, papers, magazine columns, television programs, and lectures, and cover a broad range of economic topics and public policy issues. His books and essays have had an international influence, including in former Communist states.〔"Capitalism and Friedman" (editorial), ''The Wall Street Journal'' November 17, 2006〕〔Johan Norberg, (''Defaming Milton Friedman: Naomi Klein's disastrous yet popular polemic against the great free market economist'' ), Reason Magazine, Washington, D.C., Oct. 2008〕〔, p. 506〕 A survey of economists ranked Friedman as the second most popular economist of the twentieth century after John Maynard Keynes,〔Davis, William L, Bob Figgins, David Hedengren, and Daniel B. Klein. ("Economic Professors' Favorite Economic Thinkers, Journals, and Blogs" ), ''Econ Journal Watch 8(2): 126–146'', May 2011.〕 and ''The Economist'' described him as "the most influential economist of the second half of the 20th century ... possibly of all of it." ==Early life== Friedman was born in Brooklyn, New York on July 31, 1912, to recent Jewish immigrants Sára Ethel (née Landau) and Jenő Saul Friedman, from Beregszász in Carpathian Ruthenia, Kingdom of Hungary (now Berehove in Ukraine), both of whom worked as dry goods merchants. Shortly after Milton's birth, the family relocated to Rahway, New Jersey. In his early teens, Friedman was injured in a car accident, which scarred his upper lip.〔Alan O. Ebenstein, Milton Friedman: a biography (2007) p. 10; Milton & Rose Friedman, ''Two Lucky People. Memoirs'', Chicago 1998, p. 22.〕 A talented student, Friedman graduated from Rahway High School in 1928, just before his 16th birthday.〔Eamonn Butler, ''Milton Friedman'' (2011) ch 1〕〔Alan O. Ebenstein, ''Milton Friedman: a biography'' (2007) pp. 5–12〕 In 1932, Friedman graduated from Rutgers University, where he specialized in Mathematics and Economics and initially intended to become an actuary. During his time at Rutgers, Friedman became influenced by two economics professors, Arthur F. Burns and Homer Jones, who convinced him that modern economics could help end the Great Depression. After graduating from Rutgers, Friedman was offered two scholarships to do graduate work — one in mathematics at Brown University and the other in economics at the University of Chicago. Friedman chose the latter, thus earning a Master of Arts degree in 1933. He was strongly influenced by Jacob Viner, Frank Knight, and Henry Simons. It was at Chicago that Friedman met his future wife, economist Rose Director. During the 1933–1934 academic year he had a fellowship at Columbia University, where he studied statistics with renowned statistician and economist Harold Hotelling. He was back in Chicago for the 1934–1935 academic year, working as a research assistant for Henry Schultz, who was then working on ''Theory and Measurement of Demand''. That year, Friedman formed what would prove to be lifelong friendships with George Stigler and W. Allen Wallis.〔Ebenstein, ''Milton Friedman: a biography'' (2007) pp. 13–30〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Milton Friedman」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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